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STAKE HOLDERS IN
HEALTH CARE SECTOR
Total marks 100
Instructions : Answer any 5 questions. Each question carries 20 Marks.
1. Write Notes on any two
a. Health Insurance contracts
Answer : In addition to the
trade-off between risk-sharing and incentives, health insurance contracts have
another aspect that is less well-appreciated: consumer surplus-extraction.
Health insurance resembles a two-part pricing contract, in which a group of
consumers pays an upfront fee in exchange for lower prices in the event of
illness. It is well understood that such two-part pricing contracts allow a
monopolist to sell goods at marginal cost, but extract consumer surplus in the form
of an additional payment (see the seminal paper by Oil, 1971). In the context
of health insurance, marginal cost co-payments allow a firm to extract the
maximum possible consumer surplus, because there is no deadweight loss to
consumers.
b. Healthcare Financing
Answer : The most appropriate
generalization of the financing of developed county healthcare systems is that
they share no general characteristic. Few systems fall squarely into any single
box and even systems that more-or-less do, have evolved in their financing over
time. In 1960, the cost of health care in the OECD countries consumed just under4%
of their collective GDP. By 2000, it consumed twice as high a share of the GDP.
Most countries intend that their
health care system -- and its several components –be financed in a manner that
is both efficient and progressive. An efficient system minimizes the deadweight
losses associated with raising and disbursing revenue. Progressive system
redistributes resources from the rich toward the poor.
Defining Terms
c. Regulatory & Legal Aspects
Answer :
2. Write notes on any two
a. Evolution of Public Health Programs in India
Answer :
b. Types of NGOs
Answer : NGO means non -
government organisation. Any organisation who is doing non profit activity is
called NGO . The aim to make NGO is to do social activities . These
organisations do not involve in commercial activities . The source of fund may
be private or govt. NGO collects fund through donation . Now , NGO are also
known as private voluntary organisation .
It is estimated that 40000 NGO
are working internationally and more than 1 million NGO are only in India .
Main objectives for making NGO are to reduce poverty , increase employment and
support to poor children.
c. Control of Communicable Diseases
Answer : A communicable disease
is an illness caused by a specific infectious agent or its toxic products. It
arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected
person, animal, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host, either directly
or indirectly (through an intermediate plant or animal host, vector, or the
inanimate environment). Control of disease is the reduction of disease incidence,
prevalence, morbidity, or mortality to a locally acceptable level as a result
of deliberate efforts; continued intervention measures are required to maintain
the reduction. Control is to be contrasted with elimination (
3. Write notes on any two
a. Medical equipment manufacturing industry in India
Answer : Introduction
The Indian medical devices market
is expected to be worth $11 billion by 2023. According to a report by vision
gain, a London-based business information provider, India is one of the most
lucrative markets for medical devices globally. In 2011, the Indian medical
devices market generated $3 billion in sales. The opportunities lie in the
emerging regions of the country. With the market relying largely on imports,
the country provides significant opportunities for multinational medical device
manufacturers, it says. The domestic manufacturers are mostly engaged in
low-value products like syringes, needles, catheters, blood collection tubes,
medical electronics, medical equipment and implants. The vision gain report
also says the
b. International medical equipment manufacturing Industry
Answer : Companies in this
industry manufacture medical equipment and supplies, including surgical and
medical instruments, dental equipment, and surgical appliances. Major companies
include Baxter International, Boston Scientific, Johnson & Johnson, and
Medtronic (all based in the US), as well as B Braun (Germany), PRIM (Spain),
Smith & Nephew (UK), and Terumo (Japan).
Competitive Landscape
Demand is driven by population
demographics and advances in medical knowledge and technology. The
profitability of individual companies depends on the ability to develop
superior products. Large companies have economies of scale in manufacturing and
R&D. Small companies can compete successfully by specializing in a
particular
c. Legislation & Standardization of Medical equipment's
Answer :
4. Write notes on any two
a. Information Technology in Healthcare
Answer : Health information technology (HIT) provides the umbrella framework
to describe the comprehensive management of health information across
computerized systems and its secure exchange between consumers, providers,
government and quality entities, and insurers. Health information technology
(HIT) is in general increasingly viewed as the most promising tool for
improving the overall quality, safety and efficiency of the health delivery
system (Chaudhry et al., 2006). Broad and consistent utilization of HIT will:
·
Improve health care quality or effectiveness;
·
Increase health care productivity or
b. Indian pharmaceutical industry
Answer : Introduction
India is now among the top five
pharmaceutical emerging markets globally and is a front runner in a wide range
of specialties involving complex drugs' manufacture, development, and
technology. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a highly knowledge based
industry which is growing steadily and plays a major role in the Indian
economy. As a highly organised sector, the number of pharmaceutical companies
are increasing their operations in India. The industry is expected to touch US$
35.9 billion by 2016.
The Department of Pharmaceuticals
has prepared a 'Pharma Vision 2020' document for making India one of the
leading destinations for end-to-end drug discovery and innovation. The
department provides requisite support by way of world c
c. Role of the Government in the Medical Equipment Manufacturing
Industry
Answer :
5. Write notes on any two
a. Types of human resources required in clinical research
Answer :
b. Ethics in clinical research
Answer : The word ‘ethics’ is
derived from the Greek word, ethos, which means custom or character. Ethics is
the systematic study of values, so as to decide what is right and what is
wrong. In clinical research human beings are involved, as opposed to animals,
atoms or asteroids, as the object of study. It focuses on improving human
health and well-being, typically by identifying better methods to treat, cure
or prevent illnesses. Ethics in clinical research focuses largely on
identifying and implementing the acceptable conditions for exposure of some
individuals to risks and burdens for the benefit of the society at large.
c. Documentation in clinical research
Answer : One of the most common
inspection findings in investigator site inspections is lack of reliable,
accurate and adequate source documentation. This also happens to be the most
common pitfall identified during sponsor audits. The importance of good
documentation practice needs to be emphasized to investigator sites to ensure
that the study results are built on the foundation of credible and valid data.
This article focuses on the key principles of good documentation practice and
offers suggestions for
Dear
students get fully solved assignments
Send
your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
Stuffstudy5@gmail.com
or
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us at : 09816280608
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